The European identity has changed in the last two decades, caused principally by the Single European Act and the Treaty of Maastricht (Stråth, 2002, p. 384). As Brigid Laffan analysed, the European Union has been deeply transformed: “the politics of identity have enormous salience in the new Europe and for the European Union at this juncture in its development because the Union is moving from issues of instrumental problem-solving to fundamental questions about its nature as a part-formed polity” (Laffan, 1996, p. 82). These changes have been structural within the European institutional framework but also cause upheavals in the social and institutional relations between European citizens amongst them and between European citizens, European institutions and national institutions. European identity has been disrupted and its characteristics have changed considerably. Several questions emerge such as: Has this upheaval really altered relations and identification of people living within the European Union? Does a European identity emerge? Has this been analysed correctly by opinion polls? Continuer la lecture de « A real European identity in opinion polls? »